The Guru Granth Sahib is not just a sacred scripture in Sikhism, but it is also regarded as the eternal living Guru. This holy book is a cornerstone of Sikh faith, philosophy, and practice. Composed and compiled by the Sikh Gurus, it is a collection of hymns and writings that impart spiritual guidance and moral direction.
Origins and Compilation
The Guru Granth Sahib was first compiled by the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan, in 1604. This original version, known as the Adi Granth, included the hymns of the first five Sikh Gurus and other saints and scholars of the time. Later, Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth and last human Sikh Guru, added the hymns of Guru Tegh Bahadur, his father, and recompiled the scripture. In 1708, he declared this scripture as the final and eternal Guru of the Sikhs, a status that remains to this day.
Structure and Content
The Guru Granth Sahib is written in Gurmukhi script and contains 1430 pages, known as Angs. It encompasses hymns and writings of Sikh Gurus and various Hindu and Muslim saints, showcasing a pluralistic approach. The scripture begins with the Mool Mantar, a fundamental prayer about the nature of God, followed by Japji Sahib, the morning prayer. The hymns are organized based on musical ragas, each evoking a different emotional and spiritual mood.
Teachings and Philosophy
The teachings of the Guru Granth Sahib are universal and timeless, emphasizing love, equality, truth, and devotion to God. It rejects caste distinctions, superstitions, and rituals, advocating a simple, honest, and altruistic way of life. The emphasis is on the remembrance of God (Naam Japna), honest livelihood (Kirat Karni), and sharing with others (Vand Chakna). These principles form the core of Sikh living and ethical conduct.
Role in Sikh Worship and Life
In Sikhism, the Guru Granth Sahib is treated with the utmost respect and reverence. It is the central focus of Sikh worship in the Gurdwara, the Sikh place of worship. Sikhs bow before it as a sign of respect and it is often carried on the head and placed on a throne. The practice of continuous reading of the Guru Granth Sahib, known as Akhand Path, is a common devotion, reflecting the Sikhs’ deep reverence for their holy scripture.
Linguistic and Literary Significance
The Guru Granth Sahib is a linguistic masterpiece, comprising multiple languages including Punjabi, Sanskrit, Persian, and regional Prakrits. Its poetic form resonates with spiritual and aesthetic beauty, making it a treasure not just for Sikhs but for linguists and scholars of literature. The hymns (Shabads) and their musicality in ragas also highlight the deep connection between spirituality and art in Sikh tradition.
Impact Beyond Sikhism
The influence of the Guru Granth Sahib extends beyond the Sikh community. Its universal messages of love, peace, and brotherhood have inspired people worldwide, regardless of their religious background. The scripture’s inclusive nature, embracing teachings from various faiths, makes it a symbol of religious harmony and interfaith dialogue.
In summary, the Guru Granth Sahib is a guiding light in the lives of Sikhs and an emblem of spiritual wisdom and ethical living. Its teachings continue to resonate across generations, offering insights and guidance to all who seek spiritual understanding and moral clarity. As the eternal Guru of the Sikhs, it stands as a beacon of divine knowledge and a source of ceaseless inspiration.